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Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the formation of direct-collapse supermassive stellar systems

机译:辐射流体动力学模拟直接坍塌的形成   超大质量恒星系统

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摘要

Formation of supermassive stars (SMSs) with mass ~10^4 Msun is a promisingpathway to seed the formation of supermassive black holes in the earlyuniverse. The so-called direct-collapse (DC) model postulates that such an SMSforms in a hot gas cloud irradiated by a nearby star-forming galaxy. We studythe DC SMS formation in a fully cosmological context using three-dimensionalradiation hydrodynamics simulations. We initialize our simulations using theoutputs of the cosmological simulation of Chon et al. (2016), where two DC gasclouds are identified. The long-term evolution over a hundred thousand years isfollowed from the formation of embryo protostars through their growth to SMSs.We show that the strength of the tidal force by a nearby galaxy determines themultiplicity of the formed stars and affects the protostellar growth. In onecase, where a collapsing cloud is significantly stretched by strong tidalforce, multiple star-disk systems are formed via filament fragmentation.Small-scale fragmentation occurs in each circumstellar disk, and more than 10stars with masses of a few times 10^3 Msun are finally formed. Interestingly,about a half of them are found as massive binary stars. In the other case, thegas cloud collapses nearly spherically under a relatively weak tidal field, anda single star-disk system is formed. Only a few SMSs with masses ~ 10^4 Msunare found already after evolution of a hundred thousand years, and the SMSs areexpected to grow further by gas accretion and to leave massive blackholes atthe end of their lives.
机译:质量约为10 ^ 4 Msun的超大质量恒星(SMS)的形成是在早期宇宙中播种超大质量黑洞的有前途的途径。所谓的直接坍缩(DC)模型假定,这样的SMS形貌在附近的恒星形成星系辐射的热气云中形成。我们使用三维辐射流体动力学模拟研究了完全宇宙学背景下的DC SMS。我们使用Chon等人的宇宙学模拟的输出来初始化模拟。 (2016),其中识别出两个直流气云。从胚原星的形成到它们的生长,再到SMS,这是十万年来的长期演变。我们表明,邻近星系的潮汐力决定了形成恒星的多重性,并影响到原恒星的生长。在一种情况下,由于强大的潮汐力使塌陷的云团明显伸展,通过细丝碎片形成了多个星盘系统,每个星际盘中都发生了小规模的碎片,质量超过10倍3 Msun的星超过了10颗。终于形成了。有趣的是,其中约有一半被发现为巨大的双星。在另一种情况下,气团云在相对较弱的潮汐场下几乎球形塌陷,并形成了单个星盘系统。在经过十万年的进化后,仅发现了质量约为10 ^ 4 Msun的几条SMS,并且由于气体的积聚,SMS有望进一步增长,并在其寿命尽头留下大量的黑洞。

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